雁

See also: 鳫 and 䧹

雁	U+96C1, 雁 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C1

← 雀
[U+96C0]

CJK Unified Ideographs

雂 →
[U+96C2]

Translingual

Han character

雁 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一人人土 (MOOG), four-corner 7121₄, composition ⿸厂倠)

Derived characters

贋/赝, 㷳, 𮘻, 𤎝, 𤏚, 𬒡, 軅, 𪆒

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1364, character 24
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41960
Dae Jaweon: page 1868, character 22
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 2
Unihan data for U+96C1

Chinese

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (雁) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
雁	*ŋraːns
鳫	*ŋraːns
鴈	*ŋraːns
贗	*ŋraːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːns) : phonetic 厂 (OC *hŋaːnʔ, *hŋaːns) + semantic 人 + semantic 隹.

Etymology

Either from 鵝 (OC *ŋaːl) with nominalizing suffix *-n; or both 鵝 (OC *ŋaːl) and 雁 (OC *ŋraːns) reflect an earlier liquid final *-l or *-r (Schuessler, 2007).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ŋa-n (“goose”), cognate with Tibetan ངང་པ (ngang pa), Burmese ငန်း (ngan:).

On resonants' correspondence among Burmese, Tibetan and Chinese, see Hill (2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yan⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ngaan⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngan⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): ngang⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngien / ngian

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngian⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ie³
Min Bei (KCR): ngāing
Min Dong (BUC): ngâng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gān

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngang⁶
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Shanghainese): ⁶nge; ⁵i
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ngan⁴ / ngai⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Yale: yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaan⁶
  - Yale: ngaahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngan⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡan³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ngang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ¹¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngien
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngian
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngian
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯an⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲian⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ie³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngāing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɑŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gān
  - Tâi-lô: gān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɡan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡan³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wugniu: ⁶nge; ⁵i
  - Wiktionary Romanisation: ³nge; ²i
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋe̞²³/, /i³⁴/

Note:

3nge - vernacular;
2i - literary.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ngan⁴ / ngai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋan⁴⁵/, /ŋaɪ̯²¹/

Note: ngai5 - only in 雁鵝.

Middle Chinese: ngaenH

Rime
Character	雁
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	刪 (69)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五晏切
Baxter	ngaenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠan^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚan^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋaɨn^H/
Li Rong	/ŋan^H/
Wang Li	/ŋan^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋan^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngaan⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ŋ]ˤrar-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋraːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	雁
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæn^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[ŋ]ˁrar-s/
English	wild goose
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	雁
Reading #	1/1
No.	14436
Phonetic component	雁
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鴈
Old Chinese	/*ŋraːns/
Notes	說文廠聲

Definitions

雁

wild goose (as opposed to a domesticated goose – 鵝／鹅 (é))
^† Synonym of 鵝／鹅 (é)
- 故人喜，命豎子殺雁而烹之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故人喜，命竖子杀雁而烹之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE
  Gùrén xǐ, mìng shùzǐ shā yàn ér pēng zhī. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
^† Alternative form of 贗／赝 (yàn, “fake; false”)

Synonyms

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Compounds

名標雁塔／名标雁塔
大雁 (dàyàn)
大雁塔
奠雁
孔雁
平沙落雁
指雁為羹／指雁为羹
斷雁孤鴻／断雁孤鸿
木雁
沉魚落雁／沉鱼落雁 (chényúluòyàn)
燕雁代飛／燕雁代飞
白額雁／白额雁
空弦落雁
落雁沉魚／落雁沉鱼
蠶頭雁尾／蚕头雁尾
衡陽雁去／衡阳雁去
豆雁
雁來紅／雁来红 (yànláihóng)
雁去魚來／雁去鱼来
雁塔
雁塔題名／雁塔题名
雁奴
雁字
雁帛
雁幣／雁币
雁序
雁形目
雁影分飛／雁影分飞
雁戶／雁户
雁書／雁书
雁杳魚沉／雁杳鱼沉 (yànyǎoyúchén)
雁柱
雁皮
雁翅
雁翎刀 (yànlíngdāo)
雁蕩山／雁荡山 (Yàndàngshān)
雁行
雁行折翼
雁足
雁足傳書／雁足传书
雁門關／雁门关 (Yànménguān)
雁陣／雁阵 (yànzhèn)
雁鴨科／雁鸭科
雁齒／雁齿
頭雁／头雁
魚沉雁杳／鱼沉雁杳 (yúchényànyǎo)
魚沉雁渺／鱼沉雁渺
魚沉雁落／鱼沉雁落
魚雁／鱼雁
魚雁不絕／鱼雁不绝
魚雁沉沉／鱼雁沉沉
鳧雁／凫雁
鴻雁／鸿雁 (hóngyàn)
鴻雁傳書／鸿雁传书 (hóngyànchuánshū)
鴻雁哀鳴／鸿雁哀鸣 (hóngyàn'āimíng)
鴻雁河／鸿雁河 (Hóngyànhé)
鵰心雁爪／雕心雁爪

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (雁):

→ Japanese: Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)
→ Vietnamese: nhạn (Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value))

Others:

→ Vietnamese: ngan (鴳)

References

“雁”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

雁

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

wild goose

Readings

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
雁
がん Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Alternative spelling
鴈

From Middle Chinese Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) がん [gáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ɡã̠ɴ]

Noun

雁(がん) • (gan)

wild goose

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Derived terms

雁首(がんくび) (gankubi) bowl (part of a pipe); human neck or head

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
雁
かり Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Said to be from the cry of a wild goose.[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かり [káꜜrì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ɾʲi]

Noun

雁(かり) • (kari)

wild goose
cry of a wild goose

Derived terms

雁首(かりくび) (karikubi) goose's neck, something resembling a goose's neck; corona (circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males)

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

雁 (eumhun 기러기 안 (gireogi an))

wild goose, whose skein flies in wedge or cuneiform, in contrast with 鵝 (거위 아, geowi-a), the domestic goose that would not fly at all.

Compounds

家雁 (가안, ga-an) domestic goose, literally, house goose.

Vietnamese

Han character

雁: Hán Nôm readings: nhạn

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[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN