唾

唾	U+553E, 唾 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-553E

← 唽
[U+553D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

唿 →
[U+553F]

Translingual

Han character

唾 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 口竹十一 (RHJM), four-corner 6201₄, composition ⿰口垂)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 194, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3785
Dae Jaweon: page 414, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 641, character 14
Unihan data for U+553E

Chinese

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 唾
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (垂) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
埵	*toːlʔ
綞	*toːlʔ
涶	tʰoːl, tʰoːls
唾	*tʰoːls
厜	*stol
腄	tol, dols, *ɢʷɯ
箠	tol, tjolʔ
娷	*tols
諈	*tols
錘	dol, dols, *du
甀	dol, dols
硾	*dols
捶	*tjolʔ
垂	*djol
陲	*djol
倕	*djol
菙	*djolʔ
睡	*djols

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰoːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 垂 (OC *djol).

Etymology

Sino-Tibetan; compare Tibetan ཐོ་ལེ (tho le, “spit”), Burmese တွေး (twe:, “spittle”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): tuò (tuo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄛˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): to⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): to³, toe³, tou³, toe⁵

(Taishan, Wiktionary): tu⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): tho

(Meixian, Guangdong): to⁴ / tui⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): te³
Min Dong (BUC): tó̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): thò / thò͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): to²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Shanghainese): ⁵thu
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): to⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tuò
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tuò
  - Wade–Giles: tʻo⁴
  - Yale: twò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tuoh
  - Palladius: то (to)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: to⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: to
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: to³, toe³, tou³, toe⁵
  - Yale: to, teu, tou, téuh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: to³, toe³, tou³, toe⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: to³, tê³, tou³, tê⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔː³³/, /tʰœː³³/, /tʰou̯³³/, /tʰœː¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: tu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tho
  - Hakka Romanization System: to
  - Hagfa Pinyim: to⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰo⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: to⁴ / tui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰo⁵³/, /tʰuɪ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: te³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰxɤ⁴⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tó̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɔ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò
  - Tâi-lô: thò
  - Phofsit Daibuun: toix
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰo¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰo⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰo²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thò͘
  - Tâi-lô: thòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tox
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰɔ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: to²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wugniu: ⁵thu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation: ²thu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰu³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: to⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰo⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: thwaH

Rime
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	湯卧切
Baxter	thwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰuɑ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰuɑ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰuɑ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰwa^H/
Li Rong	/tʰuɑ^H/
Wang Li	/tʰuɑ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰuɑ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tuò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	to³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tʰˤoj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰoːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tuò
Middle Chinese	‹ thwa^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tʰˁoj-s/
English	to spit (Sagart & Ma, 2020)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	唾
Reading #	1/1
No.	1661
Phonetic component	垂
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	唾
Old Chinese	/*tʰoːls/

Definitions

唾

saliva
唾腺 ― tuòxiàn ― salivary gland
to spit
to spit at; to spit with contempt
to vomit

Synonyms

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Compounds

一唾
不顧而唾／不顾而唾
乾嚥唾／干咽唾
交唾
交詈聚唾
口唾
咽唾
咳唾
咳唾成珠
咳珠唾玉
唾井
唾取
唾吐
唾噦／唾哕
唾地成文
唾壺／唾壶 (tuòhú)
唾壺擊缺／唾壶击缺
唾壺敲缺／唾壶敲缺
唾手
唾手可取
唾手可得 (tuòshǒukědé)
唾掌
唾斥
唾是命
唾棄／唾弃 (tuòqì)
唾沫 (tuòmo)
唾沫星
唾沫星子 (tuòmo xīngzi)
唾沫直嚥／唾沫直咽
唾津
唾洟
唾津兒／唾津儿
唾涕
唾涎
唾液 (tuòyè)
唾液腺 (tuòyèxiàn)
唾玉
唾盂 (tuòyú)
唾視／唾视
唾絨／唾绒
唾罵／唾骂 (tuòmà)
唾耳
唾背
唾腺 (tuòxiàn)
唾辱
唾酒
唾面
唾面自乾／唾面自干
唾餘／唾余
噀唾
嚥唾／咽唾
寶唾／宝唾
拾人唾涕
拾人唾餘／拾人唾余
拾人涕唾
拾唾餘／拾唾余
拾餘唾／拾余唾
擊唾壺／击唾壶
擊碎唾壺／击碎唾壶
棄唾／弃唾
欬唾
欬唾成珠
止唾
津唾
涎唾
涕唾
玉唾
玉唾壺／玉唾壶
珠唾
珠璣咳唾／珠玑咳唾 (zhūjīkétuò)
衉唾
謦唾
銀鉤玉唾／银钩玉唾
霧唾／雾唾
餘唾／余唾
饞唾／馋唾

Japanese

See also 唾する

Kanji

唾

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
唾
つばき Grade: S
kun’yomi

Derived as the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of now-obsolete verb 唾吐く (tsubaku, “to spit, to expectorate”), itself from Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value) + 吐く (haku, “to expel from the mouth: to spit, to vomit, to exhale”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つばき [tsùbákíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝba̠kʲi]

Noun

唾(つばき) • (tsubaki)

spit, saliva

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
唾
つば Grade: S
kun’yomi

Appears to be a shortening of tsubaki above. Alternatively, may be a fusion of tsu below with particle は (wa, originally pa in Old Japanese, combining in some cases as ba).[2]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つば [tsúꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝba̠]

Noun

唾(つば) • (tsuba)

spit, saliva

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
唾
つ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Appears to be the oldest form.[2] Possibly onomatopoeia.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

唾(つ) • (tsu)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) spit, saliva

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

唾 (eumhun 침 타 (chim ta))

Hanja form^? of 타 (“saliva”).

Compounds

타액 (唾液, taaek, “saliva”)

Vietnamese

Han character

唾: Hán Nôm readings: thóa/thoá

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[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[KDJ-2] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan