る
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Japanese
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
Audio (file)
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 留 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
る • (ru)
- Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)
See also
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)る゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐ゐ゙, 𛄟, ゑ𛅑ゑ゙, を𛅒を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Suffix
る • (-ru) godan (stem り (-ri), past った (-tta))
- (slang) A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”).
Etymology 3
Contraction of いる (iru).
Verb
る • (ru)
Etymology 4
See れる.
Usage notes
Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei).
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "る" (ラ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | れ | re | |
| Continuative (連用形) | れ | re | |
| Terminal (終止形) | る | ru | |
| Attributive (連体形) | るる | ruru | |
| Realis (已然形) | るれ | rure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | れよ | reyo | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | れず | rezu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | るれど | ruredo | |
| Causal conjunction | るれば | rureba | |
| Conditional conjunction | れば | reba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | れき | reki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | れけり | rekeri | |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | れつ | retu | |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | れぬ | renu | |
| Perfect-continuative tense | れたり | retari | |
| Volitional | れむ | remu | |
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