जल

See also: ज़ल, जेल, जाली, जाल, and জল

Bhojpuri

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit जल (jala)

Noun

जल (jal) m (Kaithi 𑂔𑂪)

water

Hindi

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒəl/, [d͡ʒɐl]
Rhymes: -əl

Etymology 1

Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀚𑀮 (jala), from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Noun

जल • (jal) m (Urdu spelling جل‎)

water
Synonyms: आब (āb), पानी (pānī)

Declension

Declension of जल (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	जल jal	जल jal
oblique	जल jal	जलों jalõ
vocative	जल jal	जलो jalo

Related terms

जल चक्र (jal cakra)
जलकर (jalkar)
जलघुमर (jalghumar)
जलचालित (jalcālit)
जलडाकू (jalḍākū)
जलधि (jaldhi)
जलनिकासी (jalnikāsī)
जलपरी (jalaprī)
जलविभाजन (jalvibhājan)
जलसिंह (jalsĩh)
भूजल (bhūjal)

Verb

जल • (jal)

inflection of जलना (jalnā):
1. stem
2. second-person singular intimate present imperative

Marathi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit जल (jala). Doublet of जळ (jaḷ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʑəl/

Noun

जल • (jal) n

water

Synonyms

पाणी (pāṇī)

Nepali

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit जल (jalá).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡zʌl]

Phonetic Devanagari: जल्

Noun

जल • (jal)

water
Synonym: पानी (pānī)

Pali

Alternative forms

jala (Latin script)
𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
জল (Bengali script)
ජල (Sinhalese script)
ဇလ or ၹလ (Burmese script)
ชล or ชะละ (Thai script)
ᨩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
ຊລ or ຊະລະ (Lao script)
ជល (Khmer script)
𑄎𑄣 (Chakma script)

Noun

जल n

Devanagari script form of jala (“water”)

Declension

Declension table of "जल" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Accusative (second)	जलं (jalaṃ)	जलानि (jalāni)
Instrumental (third)	जलेन (jalena)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Dative (fourth)	जलस्स (jalassa) or जलाय (jalāya) or जलत्थं (jalatthaṃ)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	जलस्मा (jalasmā) or जलम्हा (jalamhā) or जला (jalā)	जलेहि (jalehi) or जलेभि (jalebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	जलस्स (jalassa)	जलानं (jalānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	जलस्मिं (jalasmiṃ) or जलम्हि (jalamhi) or जले (jale)	जलेसु (jalesu)
Vocative (calling)	जल (jala)	जलानि (jalāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

ᬚᬮ (Balinese script)
জল (Assamese script)
জল (Bengali script)
𑰕𑰩 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀚𑀮 (Brahmi script)
𑌜𑌲 (Grantha script)
જલ (Gujarati script)
ਜਲ (Gurmukhi script)
ꦗꦭ (Javanese script)
ជល (Khmer script)
ಜಲ (Kannada script)
ຊລ (Lao script)
ജല (Malayalam script)
𑘕𑘩 (Modi script)
ᠽᠠᠯᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
ᡯᠠᠯᠠ (Manchu script)
ဇလ (Burmese script)
𑦵𑧉 (Nandinagari script)
𑐖𑐮 (Newa script)
ଜଲ (Odia script)
ꢙꢭ (Saurashtra script)
𑆘𑆬 (Sharada script)
𑖕𑖩 (Siddham script)
ජල (Sinhalese script)
ஜல (Tamil script)
జల (Telugu script)
ชล (Thai script)
ཛ་ལ (Tibetan script)
𑒖𑒪 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology 1

From जल् (jal, “to be sharp; to be stiff or dull”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑɐ.lɐ́/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʑɐ.l̪ɐ/

Adjective

जल • (jalá) stem

stupid, unintelligent, dumb

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jala)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलः jalaḥ	जलौ jalau	जलाः / जलासः¹ jalāḥ / jalāsaḥ¹
Vocative	जल jala	जलौ jalau	जलाः / जलासः¹ jalāḥ / jalāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जलम् jalam	जलौ jalau	जलान् jalān
Instrumental	जलेन jalena	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaiḥ / jalebhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalāya	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलेभ्यः jalebhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalāt	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलेभ्यः jalebhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalasya	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलानाम् jalānām
Locative	जले jale	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलेषु jaleṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of जला (jalā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जला jalā	जले jale	जलाः jalāḥ
Vocative	जले jale	जले jale	जलाः jalāḥ
Accusative	जलाम् jalām	जले jale	जलाः jalāḥ
Instrumental	जलया / जला¹ jalayā / jalā¹	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलाभिः jalābhiḥ
Dative	जलायै jalāyai	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलाभ्यः jalābhyaḥ
Ablative	जलायाः jalāyāḥ	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलाभ्यः jalābhyaḥ
Genitive	जलायाः jalāyāḥ	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलानाम् jalānām
Locative	जलायाम् jalāyām	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलासु jalāsu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jala)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलम् jalam	जले jale	जलानि / जला¹ jalāni / jalā¹
Vocative	जल jala	जले jale	जलानि / जला¹ jalāni / jalā¹
Accusative	जलम् jalam	जले jale	जलानि / जला¹ jalāni / jalā¹
Instrumental	जलेन jalena	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaiḥ / jalebhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalāya	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलेभ्यः jalebhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalāt	जलाभ्याम् jalābhyām	जलेभ्यः jalebhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalasya	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलानाम् jalānām
Locative	जले jale	जलयोः jalayoḥ	जलेषु jaleṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, m

a stupid man, idiot

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलः jaláḥ	जलौ jalaú	जलाः / जलासः¹ jalā́ḥ / jalā́saḥ¹
Vocative	जल jála	जलौ jálau	जलाः / जलासः¹ jálāḥ / jálāsaḥ¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जलौ jalaú	जलान् jalā́n
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Etymology 2

Of unclear origin. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *gʷelHo-, from *gʷel- (“to dribble; gush forth; spring; squirt; throw”), and thus cognate with गल् (gal, “to drip”) and German quellen (“(of water) to well, issue forth”). A local substrate origin is possible, though highly unlikely due to the word being attested in Vedic texts. Related to Vedic Sanskrit जलाष (jalāṣa), of uncertain meaning; not related to Latin gelū (“frost”).

Noun

जल • (jalá) stem, n

water
Synonyms: see Thesaurus:जल

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of जल (jalá)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Vocative	जल jála	जले jále	जलानि / जला¹ jálāni / jálā¹
Accusative	जलम् jalám	जले jalé	जलानि / जला¹ jalā́ni / jalā́¹
Instrumental	जलेन jaléna	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलैः / जलेभिः¹ jalaíḥ / jalébhiḥ¹
Dative	जलाय jalā́ya	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Ablative	जलात् jalā́t	जलाभ्याम् jalā́bhyām	जलेभ्यः jalébhyaḥ
Genitive	जलस्य jalásya	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलानाम् jalā́nām
Locative	जले jalé	जलयोः jaláyoḥ	जलेषु jaléṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Synonyms

पानीय (pānīya)

Descendants

Prakrit: 𑀚𑀮 (jala)
- Assamese: জল (zol)
- Bengali: জল (jol)
- Dardic:
  - Kashmiri: زَل‎ (zal, “urine”)
- Hindustani:
  Hindi: जल (jal)
  Urdu: جل‎
- Marathi: जल (jal)
- Nepali: जल (jal)
- Pali: jala
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਜਲ (jal)
  Shahmukhi script: جل‎ (jal)
- Sylheti: ꠎꠟ (zol)
Pali: jala
- → Thai: ชล (chon)
- → Khmer: ជល (cɔɔl)
→ Kannada: ಜಲ (jala)
→ Malayalam: ജലം (jalaṁ)
→ Tamil: ஜலம் (jalam)
→ Telugu: జలము (jalamu)
→ Sinhalese: ජලය (jalaya)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “जल”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 414/2.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “jarbhárī - jálāṣa-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “jartaḥ — jalūkā”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 423

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