quisquam

From quis +‎ quam (“any”). Compare to quisque.

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkʷis.kʷam/, [ˈkʷɪs̠kʷä̃ˑ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈkwis.kwam/, [ˈkwiskwäm]

quisquam (neuter quidquam or quicquam); relative/interrogative pronoun with an indeclinable portion

1. (masculine, chiefly in the negative) anyone
   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 7.28.4.1:

     nec fuit quisquam qui praedae studeret.

     and there was not anyone who gave attention to spoils.

   • Plautus, Bacchides. In: Plautus with an English translation by Paul Nixon, vol. I of five volumes, 1916, p. 330f.:

     ne a quoquam acciperes alio mercedem annuam, nisi ab sese, nec cum quiquam limares caput.

     Not to let you take a yearly fee from anyone else but him, or rub heads with anyone.

2. (neuter, chiefly in the negative) anything
   • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.4.48.8:

     Qui cum in convivium venisset, si quicquam caelati aspexerat, manus abstinere, iudices, non poterat.

     When he came to a banquet, if he saw anything engraved, he could not keep his hands off, judges.

• The negative polarity counterpart of nēmō (“nobody”) and nihil (“nothing”). Typically used in clauses that contain a preceding negative word, often the conjunction nec/neque. In Classical Latin, "nec quisquam" was preferred over "et nēmō".[1] Like other negative polarity items, quisquam can also occur with no preceding negative word in certain contexts, possibly connected by the concept of downward entailment. Other words that can licence its use include vix (“scarcely”) and sine (“without”). It it also used with comparatives. It can be used in conditional or interrogative clauses, but its usage here can overlap with other pronouns, especially the indefinite pronoun quis. After sī, nē, num, an, it is more usual to find quis, but quisquam can also occur; it may have a more emphatic sense "any at all" or "any whatsoever". Quisquam is not used in nisi-clauses.[2]
• Like other pronouns, it may take a partitive genitive.
• The forms in the column labeled "Masc./Fem." are typically used as an indefinite pronoun that takes masculine grammatical agreement but has a generic sense that encompasses anyone regardless of sex (compare the masculine interrogative pronoun quis (“who?”) and negative pronoun nēmō (“nobody”)). Because Latin typically uses the masculine gender as a default when referring to persons of unknown gender, grammatically feminine forms of this pronoun are rare, and very poorly attested in the Classical Latin period. There are examples of the nominative quisquam and accusative quemquam being used as feminine pronouns by the anteclassical poets Plautus and Terence (see Citations:quisquam). Alternative, exclusively feminine forms quaequam (nom. sg.) and quamquam (acc. sg.) are mentioned by postclassical grammarians and attested in postclassical texts; however, in the Classical Latin corpus, these forms are unattested as pronouns and scarcely attested as adjectives (see below and see Citations:quaequam). Compare the use of quae and quam as feminine interrogative pronouns (versus the anteclassical use of quis and quem in this function). The sense of the feminine singular could be expressed in Classical Latin by the feminine forms of ūllus[3] (see Citations:ullus).
• The genitive and dative forms cuiusquam and cuiquam are formally unmarked for gender, but in practice are usually masculine rather than neuter when used by themselves as pronouns. To express the sense of the neuter pronoun in the genitive and dative, the periphrastic expressions ūllī̆us reī and ūllī reī may be used[4] (compare the use of nūllī̆us reī and nūllī reī as the effective genitive and dative forms of the indeclinable nihil (“nothing”)). The genitive singular cuiusquam is used frequently as a masculine pronoun, but ūllī̆us can also be used as a pronoun.[5]
• The masculine ablative singular form quōquam is attested as a pronoun in Classical Latin[6] (see Citations:quoquam), but is relatively rare[7][8] (the form quōquam more frequently occurs as an adverb meaning "whithersoever, to anywhere"). As an alternative, ūllō (the masculine ablative singular form of ūllus) may be used as a pronoun with the same sense[9][8] (see Citations:ullus; compare the usual use of nūllō rather than nēmine as an ablative singular pronoun expressing the sense of nēmō (“nobody”).) An alternative masculine ablative singular form quīquam is found in Plautus and possibly also in Apuleius (see Citations:quiquam).[10] To express the sense of the neuter pronoun in the ablative singular, the periphrastic expression ūllā rē may be used[4] (compare how nūllā rē can be used to supply an ablative to the indeclinable nihil (“nothing”)[11]). No feminine ablative singular form seems to be attested in the classical period outside of adverbial use of quāquam (compare the adverb quā) as part of the expressions haud/haut quāquam = haudquāquam and nec quāquam = nēquāquam (or in "negas nuptam quaquam" in Pomponius as cited by Charisius[12]).
• Plural forms are unattested in Classical Latin, as with the corresponding negative pronouns nēmō (“nobody”) and nihil (“nothing”). The 4th-century grammarian Charisius says the plural is not used: "unum autem adest quam semper singulare. non enim ut quisquam quemquam, sic utique quiquam quosquam dicimus" (Charisius 2, 7).[13][14][15] Forms of ūllus may be used in place of the unused plural forms.[16]

Negative polarity indefinite pronoun.

¹In Republican Latin or earlier, alternative spellings could be found for the following forms of quī/quis and its compounds: the masculine nominative singular or plural quī (old spelling quei), the genitive singular cuius (old spelling quoius), the dative singular cui (old spelling quoi or quoiei), the dative/ablative plural quīs (old spelling queis).

quisquam (feminine quaequam, neuter quodquam); relative/interrogative pronoun with an indeclinable portion

1. (chiefly in the negative) any

   Synonym: ūllus

   • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 9.6.5.8:

     Quid tu autem possis, aut quid homo quisquam?

     • 1913 translation by E.O. Winstedt

       Yet what could you or any man do?

Depending on the number, gender, case, and meaning of the accompanying noun, forms of the synonymous adjective ūllus (“any”) may be preferred instead. In Classical Latin, only singular forms of quisquam are securely attested; when used adjectivally, it appears mostly in combination with masculine nouns that denote persons, such as homō (“man”) or scrīptor (“writer”) (compare the use of nēmō (“nobody”) as a modifier of a singular personal noun). There are also some attested uses with masculine, feminine or neuter nouns that refer collectively to a group of people, or rarely, with nouns that denote impersonal things.[17]

Classical Latin usage can be summarized as follows:

• Nominative and accusative forms:
  • Masculine: In the nominative case, Cicero seems to have preferred quisquam over ūllus in combination with personal masculine nouns (e.g. quisquam scrīptor), whereas in the accusative case he used both quemquam and ūllum in this context (e.g. quemquam scrīptōrem, ūllum scrīptōrem).[18] With an impersonal masculine noun, the use of quisquam or quemquam rather than ūllus/ūllum is uncommon, but is found several times in Lucretius's poem De Rerum Natura and is sporadically attested in other authors (see Citations:quisquam).
  • Feminine nominative and accusative forms are unattested in Classical Latin, with the single possible exception of quamquam in "ad quamquam rem" in the Epistulae of Seneca the Younger. The nominative form quaequam seems to be attested only in postclassical Latin. See Citations:quaequam. Usually ūlla and ūllam are used instead in combination with feminine nouns, whether personal or impersonal (see Citations:ullus). In the anteclassical poet Plautus, the forms quisquam and quemquam can be found with feminine nouns, generally personal or animate ones (e.g. "quisquam alia mulier"; see Citations:quisquam).
  • Neuter nominative/accusative forms are unattested in Classical Latin: usually ūllum is used instead in combination with neuter nouns. The form quodquam is attested only in postclassical Latin (see Citations:quodquam). The form quidquam/quicquam is typically used as a pronoun, but in Plautus, there are two attestations of "quicquam facinus", with "quicquam" used as an adjective or in apposition with an accompanying noun (compare the use of quidquid as an adjective).
• The genitive and dative forms cuiusquam and cuiquam seem to have been preferred by Cicero over ūllī̆us and ūllī in combination with a personal masculine noun (i.e. cuiusquam scrīptōris, cuiquam scrīptōrī).[18] Cuiusquam and cuiquam are also attested in combination with feminine and neuter nouns in classical Latin, although rarely (see Citations:quisquam).
• In the ablative, it seems to have been preferred in Classical Latin to use forms of ūllus (ūllō m or n, ūllā f) instead, even in combination with personal masculine nouns. Quōquam is attested once in combination with a masculine noun in Cicero ("homine quoquam", Pro Roscio Amerino 74.14; contrast with "homine ullo", Pro S. Roscio Amerino 96.6, Pro Cluentio 152.9 and "ullo homine", Pro Ligario 26.5, Epistulae ad Atticum 1.20.1.11) and once in combination with a neuter noun in Suetonius ("quoquam incepto", Divus Julius 59.1). There are numerous additional examples of quōquam as a masculine or neuter adjective in the works of postclassical authors such as Augustine of Hippo. See Citations:quoquam. In Plautus, the alternative ablative singular form quīquam is attested in combination with masculine nouns ("quiquam homine", "quiquam viro"; see Citations:quiquam).

A full declensional paradigm with feminine singular quaequam, quamquam, quāquam, neuter singular quodquam, and plural forms is given by the late grammatical texts Instituta artium[19] (attributed to a 'Probus', but its author cannot be the grammarian Marcus Valerius Probus) and Ars grammatica by Diomedes Grammaticus.[20][21] Some of these forms (such as quaequam, quāquam, quodquam) have attested use in postclassical Latin, while others (such as the vocative forms these authors list) may be purely theoretical.

Negative polarity indefinite determiner.

¹Only attested in postclassical Latin. In Classical Latin, forms of ūllus were used instead.
²Only attested as a feminine form in the preclassical Latin of authors like Plautus.
³Attested only once in Classical Latin. Usually ūllam was used instead.
⁴Attested, but rare in Classical Latin. Usually ūllō was used instead.

• nēquīquam

• nēquāquam
• haudquāquam

• “quisquam”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• quisquam in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette
• quisquam in Ramminger, Johann (accessed 16 July 2016) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016