< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic
Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tu-
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This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Turkic
Conjugation
Conjugation of *tu- (Common Turkic)
Note: Actual conjugations can be more complex than tables below. Compound forms with the auxiliary *er- not shown.
| Positive | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | *tmak | |||||||
| participle | present | *tgan, tgma, tr | ||||||
| past | *tduk, tmïš | |||||||
| future | *tdačï, tmakčï, tsïk, tyačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *tma, tg, tgu | |||||||
| way of doing | *tš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *tr ben | *tr sen | *tr | *tr biz | *tr siz | *tr | |
| past | simple | *tdum | *tduŋ | *tdï | *tduk, tdumuz | *tduŋuz | *tdï | |
| inferential | *tmïš ben | *tmïš sen | *tmïš | *tmïš biz | *tmïš siz | *tmïš | ||
| future | simple | *tdačï ben, tmakčï ben, tyačak ben | *tdačï sen, tmakčï sen, tyačak sen | *tdačï, tmakčï, tyačak | *tdačï biz, tmakčï biz, tyačak biz | *tdačï siz, tmakčï siz, tyačak siz | *tdačï, tmakčï, tyačak | |
| predictive | *tgay ben | *tgay sen | *tgay | *tgay biz | *tgay siz | *tgay | ||
| necessitive | *tsukum | *tsukuŋ | *tsuk | *tsukumuz | *tsukuŋuz | *tsuk | ||
| conditional | *tsam, tsar ben | *tsaŋ, tsar sen | *tsa, tsar | *tsak, tsamïz, tsar biz | *tsaŋïz, tsar siz | *tsalar, tsar | ||
| optative | *tgay ben | *tgay sen | *tgay | *tgay biz | *tgay siz | *tgay | ||
| progressive | *tmakda ben | *tmakda sen | *tmakda | *tmakda biz | *tmakda siz | *tmakda | ||
| necessitative | *tmalïg ben | *tmalïg sen | *tmalïg | *tmalïg biz | *tmalïg siz | *tmalïg | ||
| imperative | *tyayïn | *t, tgïl | *tzun | *tyalïm | *tyuŋ | *tzun | ||
| Negative | ||||||||
| infinitive | *tmamak | |||||||
| participle | present | *tmagan, tmagma, tmaz | ||||||
| past | *tmaduk, tmamïš | |||||||
| future | *tmačï, tmasïk, tmayačak | |||||||
| verbal noun | *tmama, tmag, tmagu | |||||||
| way of doing | *tmaš | |||||||
| singular | plural | |||||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |||
| *ben | *sen | *ol | *biz | *siz | *olar | |||
| indicative | aorist | *tmaz ben | *tmaz sen | *tmaz | *tmaz biz | *tmaz siz | *tmaz | |
| past | simple | *tmadum | *tmaduŋ | *tmadï | *tmaduk, tmadumuz | *tmaduŋuz | *tmadï | |
| inferential | *tmamïš ben | *tmamïš sen | *tmamïš | *tmamïš biz | *tmamïš siz | *tmamïš | ||
| future | simple | *tmačï ben, tmayačak ben | *tmačï sen, tmayačak sen | *tmačï, tmayačak | *tmačï biz, tmayačak biz | *tmačï siz, tmayačak siz | *tmačï, tmayačak | |
| predictive | *tmagay ben | *tmagay sen | *tmagay | *tmagay biz | *tmagay siz | *tmagay | ||
| necessitive | *tmasukum | *tmasukuŋ | *tmasuk | *tmasukumuz | *tmasukuŋuz | *tmasuk | ||
| conditional | *tmasam, tmasar ben | *tmasaŋ, tmasar sen | *tmasa, tmasar | *tmasak, tmasamïz, tmasar biz | *tmasaŋïz, tmasar siz | *tmasalar, tmasar | ||
| optative | *tmagay ben | *tmagay sen | *tmagay | *tmagay biz | *tmagay siz | *tmagay | ||
| progressive | *tmamakda ben | *tmamakda sen | *tmamakda | *tmamakda biz | *tmamakda siz | *tmamakda | ||
| necessitative | *tmamalïg ben | *tmamalïg sen | *tmamalïg | *tmamalïg biz | *tmamalïg siz | *tmamalïg | ||
| imperative | *tmayayïn | *tma, tmagïl | *tmazun | *tmayalïm | *tmayïŋ | *tmazun | ||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Common Turkic:
- Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)
- Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak)
- Turkish: duncukmak, tuncumak, tuncukmak, tuncukdurmak (all are dialectal)
- Ottoman Turkish: [script needed] (duncukmak), [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (tunukmak)
- Salar: dum
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (tuncukmak), [script needed] (dunukmak)
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)
- Uyghur: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
- Karakhanid: [script needed] (tumaq), [script needed] (tunmaq), [script needed] (tunturmaq)
- Kipchak:
- Kipchak: [script needed] (tu-)
- North Kipchak:
- Tatar: [script needed] (ton-)
- West Kipchak:
- Karaim: [script needed] (tudjur-)
- Kumyk: [script needed] (tunçuk-)
- South Kipchak:
- Caspian:
- Kazakh: тұну (tūnu), тұнжырау (tūnjyrau), тұнық (tūnyq)
- Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
- Kyrgyz: тунуу (tunuu), тунаруу (tunaruu), тундуруу (tunduruu)
- Southern Altai: тунар (tunar, “to put”), тундырар (tundïrar)
- Caspian:
- Siberian:
- Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (tu-)
- South Siberian:
- Sayan:
- Tuvan: [script needed] (dun-)
- Yenisei:
- Khakas: [script needed] (tun-)
- Sayan:
- Old Turkic: 𐱃𐰆 (t¹u)
- ⇒? Common Turkic: *tu-mak (“hat, cap”)[2]
References
- Tekin, Talât. (2000). Orhon Türkçesi Grameri, page: 92
- Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*tum-”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
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