骨肉

Chinese

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Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǔròu

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat¹ juk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kut-ngiuk
Min Nan (Hokkien, POJ): kut-jio̍k / kut-lio̍k / kut-bah / kut-hia̍k / kut-he̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǔròu → gǔrou (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ → ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄖㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔro̊u
  - Wade–Giles: ku³-jou⁵
  - Yale: gǔ-rou
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu.row
  - Palladius: гужоу (gužou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/ → /ku²¹⁴ ʐoʊ̯⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwat¹ juk⁶
  - Yale: gwāt yuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwat⁷ juk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gued¹ yug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐt̚⁵ jʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kut-ngiuk
  - Hakka Romanization System: gud` ngiug`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gud⁵ ngiug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kut̚² ɲi̯uk̚²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-jio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-jio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutjiok
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ ʑiɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ʑiɔk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutliok
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-bah
  - Tâi-lô: kut-bah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutbaq
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ baʔ³²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-hia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-hia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuthiak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-he̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-hi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuthek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

kut-jio̍k/kut-lio̍k - literary (“flesh and blood; kindred”);
kut-bah/kut-hia̍k/kut-he̍k - vernacular (“meat and bones”).

Middle Chinese: kwot nyuwk

Rime
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	魂 (56)	東 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古忽切	如六切
Baxter	kwot	nyuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuət̚/	/ȵɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuot̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwət̚/	/ȵuwk̚/
Li Rong	/kuət̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Wang Li	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gu	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwat¹	juk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤut k.nuk/

(Zhengzhang): /*kuːd njuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǔ	ròu
Middle Chinese	‹ kwot ›	‹ nyuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁut/	/*k.nuk/
English	bone	meat, flesh
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4321	10866
Phonetic component	骨	肉
Rime group	物	覺
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	骨	肉
Old Chinese	/*kuːd/	/*njuɡ/
Notes	冎亦聲

Noun

骨肉

(literally) bones and flesh
(figurative) flesh and blood; blood relative; kindred; kin
(figurative) close relations; kinship

Synonyms

(close relative): 至親／至亲 (zhìqīn), 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)

Derived terms

一家骨肉
人親骨肉香／人亲骨肉香
情同骨肉
情深骨肉
情逾骨肉
父母骨肉
生死骨肉
異姓骨肉／异姓骨肉
至親骨肉／至亲骨肉
親如骨肉／亲如骨肉
親生骨肉／亲生骨肉
親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)
賤骨肉／贱骨肉
骨肉之恩
骨肉之情
骨肉之親／骨肉之亲
骨肉分離／骨肉分离
骨肉各方
骨肉團圓／骨肉团圆
骨肉團圞／骨肉团𪢮
骨肉情
骨肉未寒
骨肉瘤 (gǔròuliú)
骨肉相殘／骨肉相残
骨肉相親／骨肉相亲
骨肉相連／骨肉相连
骨肉私情
骨肉至親／骨肉至亲
骨肉親／骨肉亲
骨肉重逢
骨肉離散／骨肉离散
骨肉離異／骨肉离异

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (骨肉):

→ Japanese: Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value)
→ Korean: 골육(骨肉) (goryuk)
→ Vietnamese: cốt nhục (Lua error in Module:utilities at line 142: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'h' (a nil value))

Japanese

Kanji in this term
骨	肉
こつ Grade: 6	にく Grade: 2
on’yomi

Noun

骨(こつ)肉(にく) • (kotsuniku)

one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
骨	肉

Noun

骨肉

(literary) chữ Hán form of cốt nhục (“one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative”).

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