商う

Japanese
Kanji in this term
商
あきな
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Etymology

From 秋(あき) (aki, “autumn”) + なう (-nau, verb-forming suffix[1][2]), because trade was done in the autumn after the harvest.[3][4]

Pronunciation

Verb

商(あきな)う • (akinau) ←あきなふ (akinafu)?transitive godan (stem 商(あきな)い (akinai), past 商(あきな)った (akinatta))

  1. to deal in; to buy and sell; to trade
    品(しな)物(もの)を商(あきな)う
    shinamono o akinau
    to trade in goods
    • 977–999, 宇津保物語:
      その物を貯へて市し商はばこそ賢からめ
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Conjugation
Conjugation of "商う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 商わ あきなわ akinawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 商い あきない akinai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 商う あきなう akinau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 商う あきなう akinau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 商え あきなえ akinae
Meireikei ("imperative") 商え あきなえ akinae
Key constructions
Passive 商われる あきなわれる akinawareru
Causative 商わせる
商わす		 あきなわせる
あきなわす		 akinawaseru
akinawasu
Potential 商える あきなえる akinaeru
Volitional 商おう あきなおう akinaō
Negative 商わない あきなわない akinawanai
Negative continuative 商わず あきなわず akinawazu
Formal 商います あきないます akinaimasu
Perfective 商った あきなった akinatta
Conjunctive 商って あきなって akinatte
Hypothetical conditional 商えば あきなえば akinaeba
Classical conjugation of "商ふ" (ハ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 商はあきなはakinafa
Continuative (連用形) 商ひあきなひakinafi
Terminal (終止形) 商ふあきなふakinafu
Attributive (連体形) 商ふあきなふakinafu
Realis (已然形) 商へあきなへakinafe
Imperative (命令形) 商へあきなへakinafe
Key constructions
Negative 商はずあきなはずakinafazu
Contrasting conjunction 商へどあきなへどakinafedo
Causal conjunction 商へばあきなへばakinafeba
Conditional conjunction 商はばあきなはばakinafaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 商ひきあきなひきakinafiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 商ひけりあきなひけりakinafikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 商ひつあきなひつakinafitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 商ひぬあきなひぬakinafinu
Perfect-continuative tense 商へり
商ひたり		あきなへり
あきなひたり		akinaferi
akinafitari
Volitional 商はむあきなはむakinafamu

Derived terms

References
  1. 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. https://gogen-yurai.jp/akinai/
  4. “Archived copy”, in (please provide the title of the work)‎, accessed 18 May 2023, archived from the original on 2023-05-18
  5. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  7. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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