توان

See also: ثوان‎

Malay

Noun

توان (plural توان-توان‎ or توان ۲‎, informal 1st possessive توانکو‎, 2nd possessive توانمو‎, 3rd possessive توانڽ‎)

Jawi spelling of tuan

Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (twbʾn' /⁠tuwān⁠/, “might; power”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tewh₂- (“to swell, grow, become strong”). Compare Sanskrit तवस् (tavas, “force, power”), Avestan 𐬙𐬎𐬙𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (tutauua, “to be able”), Proto-Slavic *tỳti (“to become fat”), Ancient Greek σῶς (sôs, “safe and sound”). Note that the verb is from the noun, not the other way around.

Pronunciation 1

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ta.ˈwɑːn]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɔ́ːn]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.vɒ́ːn]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.vɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading^?	tawān
Dari reading^?	tawān
Iranian reading^?	tavân
Tajik reading^?	tavon

Audio (Iran) (file)

Noun

توان • (tavân)

power, stamina
Synonyms: قدرت‎ (qodrat), نیرو‎ (niru)
(physics, engineering) power
(mathematics) exponent

Derived terms

توانگری‎ (tavângari, “riches, wealth”)
ناتوان‎ (nâtavân, “powerless”)

Pronunciation 2

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ta.ˈwɑːn]

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɑ́ːn]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰɑːn], [t̪ʰʊn]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.wɔ́ːn]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰæ.vɒ́ːn]
- (Tehrani) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰuːn]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [t̪ʰä.vɔ́n]

Readings
Classical reading^?	tawān
Dari reading^?	tawān
Iranian reading^?	tavân
Tajik reading^?	tavon

Audio (Iran) (file)

Verb

توان • (tavân)

present stem form of ‎ (tavânestan)

References

Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 386-7

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